Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Amy Tan s Two Kinds - 1663 Words

Having a child is one of the most wonderful moments when a person becomes a parent. Although it is foreseen that each couple always hope their children succeed academically, sometimes they overestimate their children’s potential and put a lot of expectations on them. In Asia, such as Japan, China, and South Korea, these expectations become burdens for the children, which may lead them to become rebels. The story â€Å"Two Kinds† of Amy Tan will illustrate Asia parents’ expectation throughout the aspects of the educational system, parental involvement, and single-child family as well as the gender issue. Most Asian countries’ education has been influenced by the philosophy of Confucius (a Chinese philosopher who lived between 552-479 BC), which†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Each household pays 288.000 Won (about 250 USD monthly), which is about 8 percent of household income, for their children’s private tutoring. As a whole, Korea spends about 2.2 percent of GDP on private tutoring.† (Nakamura 43). The aspiring universities are usually located in the capital and big cities, which are the center of business trading and academic training. It is not surprised when lots of parents want their children to study and achieve academically in there. For instance, in South Korea, the capital Seoul has been a place for people who wanted to work in academia or government. â€Å"Many parents in rural areas or small cities have been sending their children to schools in bigger towns or large cities. As people, especially younger generations, move to Seoul to study or work and then settle in/near Seoul metropolitan area, rural areas are becoming â€Å"empty nests.† Schools in rural parts of Korea are now being closed in rural parts of Korea due to an extremely low number (or none) of school-age students; meanwhile, many schools in Seoul and vicinity are overcrowded.† (Nakamura 33). After graduating, students will also face with a tight contest of getting a good job with the limited number of positions. One of the qualifications required by most employers is English proficiency, which is evaluated through some exams such as TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language), IELTS (International English Language Testing System), TOEIC (Test of English forShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan s Two Kinds991 Words   |  4 Pagesfor both genders, historically speaking, women have faced significantly more repercussions. In Amy Tan’s, Two Kinds, the theme of feminine oppression is represented by the symbolism of the song in which the main character, Ni kan, must recite as a child. The song she recites is called â€Å"Pleading Child† and she only realizes that the song has a second half called â€Å"Perfectly Contented† until adulthood. The two contrasting pieces of music represent the defiance of women to standards of femininity set byRead MoreAmy Tan s Two Kinds Essay1372 Words   |  6 PagesJing-Mei Woo and her mother are the major characters in Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds.† The two have a complicated mother-daughter relationship at the beginning of the story, but later, as an adult, Jing-Mei realizes the intentions of her mother. â€Å"Two Kinds† is told from Jing-Mei’s point of view as a mature adult who is reflecting on her childhood. Jing-Mei’s thoughts and feelings are revealed, but she and her mother, the antagonist, have conflictingly opposite desires. Jing-Mei’s mother desires for herRead MoreAmy Tan s Two Kinds869 Words   |  4 PagesIn Amy Tan’s  "Two Kinds† Jin-Mei mother had dreams as she was coming to America. â€Å"My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. You could open restaurant. You could work for the government and get good retirement. You could buy a house with almost no money down. You could become rich. You could become instantly famous† (Tan 377). She is not alone. There are many people who come to America to make all these dreams come true. They all come with their children with the hopeRead MoreBharati Mukherjee s Two Kinds By Amy Tan1119 Words   |  5 Pagesaesthetics and ethnicity.In the novel,†Two Kinds† by Amy Tan, shows the conflict between a mother-daughter relationship in which the mother forces her daughter into activities so she can have an American dream.In the short story,†By Any Other Name†by Santha Ramu Rau refutes that two girls name shouldn’t matter and ethnicity shouldn’t be the reason why people should mistreat t hem. Bharati Mukherjee’s personal essay,†Two ways to belong in America â€Å" is about two sisters that moved to the United StatesRead MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s Two Kinds984 Words   |  4 PagesBig Mistake â€Å"It was not the only disappointment my mother felt in me† (Tan 327). Growing up with a mother like mine, disappointment came very easily. In Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† the mother and daughter were always on edge because the mother expected too much and the daughter could never meet up to the standards that she had set. After thirty years went by after their big falling out the mother gives the daughter a piano as a sign of forgiveness, but the daughter has a remaining feeling of guilt forRead MoreAnalysis Of Two Kinds By Amy Tan1567 Words   |  7 Pages One of the most complex relationships is that of a mother and daughter. Amy Tan is an author who writes about her life growing up as an Asian-American in Chinatown. Her novel The Joy Luck Club is a series of short stories about Chinese mothers and their assimilated daughters. One of these stories is â€Å"Two Kinds,† which looks into the life of Jing-Mei Woo and her struggle to gain a sense of self. Some key themes in The Joy Luck Club are the generational and intercultural differences among Chinese-AmericanRead MoreThe Joy Luck Club By Amy Tan1192 Words   |  5 Pagesof women has drastically changed throughout the ages. (CIS) The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan portrays life in America and in China in the 1930’s for women. (GS1) When stories are true, there is more power behind them. (GS2) Novels need accuracy for the book to have feeling. (GS3) A rave-worthy novel needs truth to really draw the reader in. (thesis) Author Amy Tan accurately portrays life for Chinese women in the 1930’s and it enhances the power of the novel because the stories have true roots, the accuracyRead MoreRules Of The Game, Fish Cheeks, And Two Kinds1395 Words   |  6 Pages In Amy tans short stories Rules of the Game, Fish Cheeks, and Two Kinds part of the novel the Joys Luck Club uses topics concerning the limits and connections in the relationships between mothers and their daughters. I n an Asian society, especially Chinese society assumes a vital part in every one of the three short stories, giving the primary conflict an interesting plot. Amy Tans short stories for the most part depict the inconveniences and strain between Chinese immigrant moms and their AmericanizedRead MoreThe Two Kinds By Amy Tan1272 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneration immigrants, experience a cultural conflict between that of their parents and that of mainstream U.S. society† (Wikipedia 1). Amy Tan the author of â€Å"Two Kinds†, and the young character in the story both are a second generation immigrants, who have struggled in their life with parents, about the culture they assimilating and their real culture. In the â€Å"Two Kinds† story the author illustrates the struggle between her American cultural identity, and her mother’s Chinese culture, as like the charactersRead More`` Two Kinds `` By Amy Tan And The Rocking Horse Winner Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pages The Cusp of Success A common theme we see in the two stories, â€Å"Two Kinds† by Amy Tan, and â€Å"The Rocking Horse-Winner† by D.H Lawrence is the detrimental effects that a forcing a bar of success can have on developing adolescents. Recognizing that the product of success is generally good, clouds the notion that there is in fact a wide range of effects that chasing success can bring about. Some of these effects have positive repercussions, teaching adolescents discipline and work ethic. However, some

Monday, December 23, 2019

The Internet and Its Impacts on the Youth’s Lives

The Internet and its impacts on the youth’s lives The Internet has emerged as the greatest breakthrough in information technology. Its borderless connection among people and organizations all over the world makes it unarguably indispensable in the modern world. The youth are the most remarkable beneficiaries of the Internet because they were born in the technology-based world and have continuously learned to adapt their everyday lives to it; however, they are strongly influenced by the online environment as their lives are getting more and more dependent on the Internet. Although the Internet is regarded as an essential and efficient medium of communication and socialization, excessive Internet use adversely affects young adults’ social†¦show more content†¦Some studies showed that such a concern is not unfounded† (Shim 1-2). In the past, people used to think of the Internet as an alternative way to communicate with one another when they did not have a chance to meet up, but nowadays young adults often prefer t alking to their friends and acquaintances online. According to CyberAtlas (2002), â€Å"56% of youths aged 18-19 polled preferred online communication to phone conversations† (qtd. in Shim 2). Many of the young today spend more time on their social networking websites and instant message applications than talking to their loved ones in real life. This fact creates a growing concern about family relationships under the influence of Internet excessive usage because â€Å"empirical evidence shows that the quality of communication between children and parents significantly affects family relationships† (Shim 2). Another aspect that young internet users should concern about is anti-social behaviors and feelings, which is resulted from the excessive amount of time they spend on the Internet. Study has showed that compulsive Internet usage may reduce social participation and the psychosocial well-being ofShow MoreRelatedSmartphones Are Affecting Youth’s Social Relationship1106 Words   |  5 Pagesaffect youth’s performance and productivity in school, in their workplace, home, and their communication with adults. Other teenagers use social media to express their feelings online and to release their anger and stress. Most of the time, when teenagers reveal too much on the internet, violence and rumours can take place afterwards, which results in arguments and misunderstandings. The youth today feel as if they cannot live without their smartphones and without access to the internet. They haveRead MoreThe Social Of Social Network1215 Words   |  5 Pagesto communicate with one an other by posting images, information, messages, and comments. Examples of social networks include social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest and Google+ among others. Social networks have taken the internet world by storm. Now that, individuals in the contemporary world having the strong dependency on social networks for various purposes including education, socialization, communication, and entertainment among others. According to statistics that manyRead MoreThe Internet and Global Politics832 Words   |  3 PagesAccorodng to Badie Royal (2000), they showed that the internet has affected the global politics through increasing political participation. The innovation of internet brought with itself the ability to allow people to participate in political events differently. Internet allows people to influence the government decisions via comments posted on websites and send e-mails of political contents (Ferdinand, 2000). Nowadays, many governments are launc hing political websites and media to seek publicRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1738 Words   |  7 PagesChelsea Hills Meyer English 1C OL 17 September 2017 Social Media Disintegration Our youth’s lifestyle has been negatively impacted by social media, affecting their self-concept and self-worth. Social media has changed and warped our teen’s thinking to reflect something completely different about themselves and their relationships with others than what is actual reality. Our teen’s self-concept has negatively decreased over the years with the more prevalent introduction of social media. With socialRead MoreEffects Of Social Media Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagesgrown to be one of the largest and most influential outlet on the internet. Social media have both a positive and negative affect on how teens interact on day to day basis. Social networking has given teens an opportunity to communicate with others, express themselves, and establish a political stand on the government. However, some negative effects including establishing low self-esteem and bullying. Social networking has a huge impact on the global society. Social networking can affect the governmentRead MoreBrainwashing Youth : How Advertising Influences Children On Gender Images1496 Words   |  6 Pagesnot decided at birth but rather something that individual must decide for themselves. In Lynda Willer’s â€Å"Warning: Welcome to your World Baby, Gender message enclosed† Karyn warns that a person’s sex role is decided in the very first seconds of their lives from their family’s influence. A child’s identity as a male or a female is decided through their parents and many other factors, a major one being cultural expectations- ones we see in the form of advertisements. The purpose of this paper is too seeRead MoreEffects of Social Media on the Youth1556 Words   |  7 Pagesnotably, the internet, have impacted heavily on the youth. The media not only serves as a source of information but also provides a source of entertainment. Media sources have relentlessly worked on creating appealing images that entice the youth to their content. Although these may be informative, the youths have been coerced into consuming more time reading or browsing for such information. Recent advancements in computers and mobile phones have led to ease of access of the internet via advancedRead MoreDetrimental Effects of Social Media on Teenagers963 Words   |  4 PagesThe use of social media (which includes such media as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Tumblr) has become so popular among today’s youth, that it is becoming more than just a fragment of the youth’s world, it is becoming their world. According to a social network statistics report conducted on August 18, 2013, ninety-eight percent of teens are already using some form of social media. Teens are spending more and more time online, typically on a social media websites such as Facebook and Twitter.Read More In Support of Parenting Education1085 Words   |  5 Pagesacceptable behavior in children and conformance to c ertain social norms. For another, BusinessWeek reported in 2010 that average American children and teens spend nearly eight hours a day consuming media. This includes watching television, surfing the Internet, and playing video games (Reinberg, 2010). Sales of smart phones recently topped sales of personal computers (PCs), making media accessibility even greater for all age groups, including those under eighteen. A study by the Kaiser Family FoundationRead MoreNegative Effects Of Technology On Youth1013 Words   |  5 Pagestoday can be described as children, teenagers, and young adults living in this day and age. Children and young adults alike have only lived in a world run by technology in their lifetime. Youth depends on technology because they do not know how to live without it. Modern technology includes cell phones, lap tops, television, and many other devices. Technology allows for use in many different settings and has countless uses. However, the negative attributes of t echnology completely outweigh its positive

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Importance of Training in Catering Industry Free Essays

string(50) " collected from the staff training record sheets\." Introduction The title of the research is â€Å"A study on Training and Development of Work Force in Catering Industry in Wrexham Area†. Training is one of the most important elements in each and every organisation for the betterment of its employees. The aim of the research is to study the Training programmes conducted for the staffs or employees of an organisation to improve the company’s performance and productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Training in Catering Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The research aim is mainly to identify the importance of training requirements in catering industry and to identify the benefits of it. Research Question aims to find what all successful training and development programmes or schemes are adopted by the management in catering industry to motivate the employees of a company and also to improve the performance of the overall organisation with the help of total work force employed. The three important research questions will be: 1. What are the benefits obtained by a company after providing trainings to their staffs? 2. What costs are involved in training? 3. How will a company ensure that the training is successful? Research Objective is to conduct an investigation through qualitative analysis by interviewing the managers and the staffs by distributing printed questionnaire containing open and closed end questionnaires. Also collecting details provided by the interviewed persons orally. A detailed investigation on the topic will help to give more ideas to the management to implement more training courses to develop the skills of the employees working in the company and also will be able to judge how effective productivity can be made with less cost and wastage. Also the research would be helpful to understand whether the employees are happy towards the current training programmes and how helpful is it for the employees or staffs. Limitations of the study: While conducting the research there may arise many limitations with respect to sampling and also due to the non – random sampling. The research which is to be conducted will have managers and employees who works in a catering industry. Literature review Human resource management plays an important role in an organisation providing various characteristics of employment in catering industry. The success of catering industry depends on its manpower. Training and development plays an important role in human resource management. Training is essential in every work environment and has become everyday aspect of human life. The government has taken certain initiatives to improve the catering industry’s standard. One of the important establishments in the field is the Hotel and Catering Board (HCTB). In most of the organisation, training is provided on: Computing studies Supervisory skills Food and Beverage management House keeping The reason to provide training is to avoid; The failure to attain the targets like gross or net profit on food or liquor. †¢ Dissatisfied customers. †¢ Slow service. †¢ High labour turn over and low morale. †¢ Unhealthy relationship between two departments. Types of Training There are two types of training; 1. On the job training: As most of the staffs working on catering industry will have direct contact with the customers , so new staffs are given training ‘on the job’ to experience dealing with customers. 2. Of the job training: This type of training takes place away from the actual work place. Real working environment will be crated to train the new staffs. Training need and Analysis The need for training should be considered from employer’s point of view and employees. There will be always a person assigned to provide training to staffs whenever required in consultation with the line managers. The line managers will identify, analyse the requirements of training or problems or opportunities and exploit training with assistance. Benefits of training The benefits of training to the organisation will be short term or long term and it includes: †¢ Increased customer satisfaction †¢ Help to develop relationship between staffs and departments. Increased customer demand †¢ Safe working mode †¢ Wastage reduction †¢ Less staff turnover Process involved in training Before the actual training process it is to be considered ‘who is to do the training, what is to be taught, how to train and evaluating the success of training. The actual process of training includes: †¢ Identify the training and development needs. †¢ Design training and development strategies and plans. †¢ Providing learning opportunities, resources and support. †¢ Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development. †¢ Support training and development advances and practice. Development Development is the main part of any training session. Development may be defined as those activities designed to provide the organisation with competent work force which is able to meet the target in short, medium or long term objectives. In development stage the trainer’s knowledge and skills are transferred to the trainees. The other concepts of development includes: recruitment, induction and appraisal. Some of the examples of development programmes are: Trainee management programme, junior supervisory position, new project department, trainee officer, and assistant to area manager. The main objective of training and development will be to ‘Develop human potential and assist organisations and individuals to achieve their objectives’. Health and Safety training Accidents and healthy problems in places of work occur very frequently and so health and safety training will have to be provided to all the individuals working in an organisation. There are two laws which have to be followed in hotel or catering industry and they are the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (the HASAW Act) and the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH). Health and Safety Training at work includes -preventing accidents and dealing with accidents; the ways in which accidents happen and what all ways to prevent such accidents. It is the objective of Health and safety training to identify the health problems and accidents happening in work life and to take important steps to minimise them. Research Methodology Types of data employed There will be different types of data employed in a research. Primary data: Collection of Primary data includes Interviews and Questionnaires. Secondary data: Secondary data will be collected from the staff training record sheets. You read "Importance of Training in Catering Industry" in category "Industry" Sampling Technique: Sampling Techniques includes Non Random Sampling and other techniques. Methods of Data collection Primary data: face to face interaction, questionnaire, telephonic interviews. Secondary data: books, training records, internet Data analysis The method of qualitative analysis and qualitative analysis will be employed in the research study. Qualitative analysis will be helpful to analyse the interview outputs. To analyse the interview questionnaires qualitative analysis will be employed. To analyse the research questionnaires, quantitative analysis will be employed. Primary data will be collected through face to face interviews. Face to face method of interviews was taken to overcome any communicative difficulties if arises. Closed and open – ended questions will be used to implement the survey questionnaire. The aim of using open – ended questionnaire is that the respondent will be free to give up his ideas or opinions. The closed ended questions will be analysed by using regression technique which is a quantitative approach and the interviews will be analysed by using qualitative approach. Conclusion The time period for the research to be conducted is estimated to be three months and the samples taken for the research will include the managers and his subordinates working in a hotel or in a catering sector. Survey questionnaire will be made before starting actual research. A detailed analysis will be conducted with respect to literature review. References Literature Review Training and development One of the major anxieties in an organisation is about the training. It may be due to more staffs or because of the labour turnover. For an effective training programme there should be sufficient funds allocated for it in an organisation. There will be more benefits for an effective training scheme. The benefits of a training programme include: ? Less wastage and speedy work performance by the trained worker. ? Less mistakes or accidents in the organisation. ? Less damage of machines and equipments. ? The complaints from the customers will be reduced. ? Another important benefit is that the trained staffs require less supervision and guidance. ? The trained staff will be more resourceful when other staffs go for holidays or any absence problems arise. Training will improve the job satisfaction and confidence in employees and will let them perform well in the organisation. ? Another benefit is that the potential to work and personal benefits of working efficiently and safe. Training needs analysis To design the training method, it is required to identify the training needs. It will be the responsibility of the trai ner or the line manager. He should attempt to identify the problems and opportunities which could be made better with the help of training. For this the training needs of individuals has to be studied through the appraisal reports and detailed discussion with the manager. Identification of individuals training needs will lead to corporate training needs. For example, if a catering company wishes to expand its business in a limited time, it is important to identify the staffs that are to be transferred or promoted to the new unit and the kind of training required for them to adapt with the new business unit. This may range from preparing some assistant managers and trainee chefs or stewards to do more responsible job like cooking food for the customers. The availability of sufficient trained persons in the organisation will give a successful growth to the company. The training needs arise from unexpected circumstances or conditions. For example if a restaurant makes new menu launch, the waiters or waitresses has to give training about the new products, service and selling techniques which plays a big role in sales and profits of the company. Training is considered as one of the vital tools of management. It helps the management to increase the efficiency of the company. Different skills and knowledge and attitude could be developed with training to achieve company’s objective. Training enables an individual to go through increased competences and confidence and to gain promotions. Methods to identify training requirements Job Analysis Job analysis is one of the major roles of Human Resource Management. Job analysis is conducted to check the efficiency and effectiveness of a job. Job analysis highlights the needs of training to be conducted for the job or activity to be performed. The trainee’s actual work inside the organisation is evaluated and more training will be given to improve their performance up to company’s standard. Job Evaluation Job evaluation is another method to identify the requirements of training. It is essential that a person such as chef should be well trained to acquire knowledge and skill. The type of factors assessed for training in job evaluation is: Knowledge, skill, responsibility, social skills and working conditions. Performance appraisal Performance Appraisal is one of the methods to identify the training needs. Performance appraisal is conducted in every six months or annually. It is actually a review of performance of each staff by the manager. It usually compares the actual performance of the person with the set standards of performance, company’s objective, consent job objective, specific core competencies. Performance Appraisal helps the employees to identify whether they require more training to achieve their objectives as compared to the present performance. Self Assessment Self assessment can be formal or informal. Formal assessment methods suggest the employee to asses or rate their performance against the performance standard set and will be provided if they ask for more training if they feel training would benefit. Informal assessment is method is up to the employees. The employee can ask for training if they feel would be useful. It depends upon the organisations training policy and training budget. Direct Observation Direct Observation is another method to identify the training requirements in an organisation. Observation may be with or without the knowledge of the employee. For example, in a call centre, the line manger would spend time to listen to calls attended by the staffs to find how many of them are following the prescribed standard. Otherwise a mystery caller would make a call from outside the organisation where he pretends as a customer to find the outcome. Different methods of training The two main approaches are: †¢ On the job training †¢ Off the job training On the job training in hotel or in catering industry In a hotel or a catering industry most of the staffs will have direct contact with the customers. So on the job training will be beneficial for the trainees to acquire knowledge about how to deal with the customer. On the job training plays a vital role in catering industry. If the trainer is talented in training techniques and if the objectives are clear then on the job training is the best possible way to teach the trainee the manual and social skills. In some companies new employees are put together with experienced employees who are not capable of training others. If the experienced employees are interested to train the new comers, then it will good for the company that they could save the expenses paid for specialist trainer and also the experienced employees will be able to train the new staffs in the work place along with them. They will be able to share their knowledge with the new staffs. The experienced employees should be given apt training before they are asked to train the new employees. In off the job training the progress of employees according to the training has to be checked from time to time by the person who trains. For example, the training for barmen include: bar preparation and cleanliness. The benefits of on the job training are: †¢ Training is provided in the same working environment itself. The trainee will quickly understand the nature or the standard of the job that he has to be followed. †¢ Training could be provided in exact timing. No pre-determined schedules need to be followed. †¢ There may be fewer requirements for special equipments as it is possible to use the operational resources. Off the job training in hotel and catering industry Off the job training takes place away from the actual work place. In off the job training a variety of methods and techniques are applied. The main methods used are: †¢ Talks- talks are the methods used to share knowledge regarding the nature and policies of the company, rules and regulations and other legal matters. There should be question and answer session to check the progress. †¢ Case studies, projects and business games are the best ways of off the job training techniques. Role plays are identified as the best ways to develop skills to interact with customer, how to handle customer complaints, up selling and interviewing. †¢ Some time visual aids such as films on different hotel and catering industry are used to train the new staffs of the company. †¢ Other techniques of off the job training include Programmed texts and teaching machines which could be helpful for the individual to learn at his convenient time. It does not require the presence of any instructor. The disadvantage of this method is that sometimes it could be expensive to design and the training can not give on manual skills. Staff induction Staff induction is one of the training methods. The term induction training means process by which the new staffs are given ideas about the nature of business, its structure, rules and regulations of the company, conditions of employment and duties to be performed. Induction training is not compulsory as per legal Acts. But for the welfare of the new employees or staffs, companies would indent to have staff induction when they employ new staffs. The important information concerned under the staff induction is: 1. Contract or Terms and conditions of employment. . The condition to perform a job and to whom the person is accountable to. 3. Grievance procedures, Disciplinary rules and procedures. 4. Policies regarding promotion and training. 5. Health and safety rules 6. Other social and welfare benefits The new employees should be given formal induction training to avoid unhealthy or malfunctions inside the organisation and to develop attitudes, norms and practises. The role of training agencies In developing countries importance is given for quality and standards rather than individual productivity. In Britain Industrial Training Act was established in the year 1964 to maintain the quality and supply of skilled labour so it led to establishment of Hotel and Catering Industry Training Board (HCITB). The main aims of the Board are: ? To provide advise to the companies, how to implement effective training. ? To conduct research and to develop new methods of training and materials and practises. ? To allocate sufficient funds for training needs and to aid companies to conduct approved training. To co-ordinate the supply of labour to hotel and catering industry, the Manpower Service Commission was established in 1973. It provides funds for training young people and retraining schemes for those who are unemployed. There are plenty of colleges which has department of hotel and catering. Organising training Each aspects of training have its advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages of On the job training is that it is cheap as compared to the other methods of training. The trainee will be able to learn from the actual work place the standards or procedures of work that he has to be followed. On the job training is flexible and can adapt to any pressures of the work environment. Just like the advantages, there are disadvantages also. The trainer may find it difficult if he has had no instructional training. And so he will not be able to adopt the work pressure and will withheld training considering it as less important. Inexperienced trainers will not be able to provide effective training. On the job trainer would be able to share only those knowledge which he possessed when he was trained. The advantage of off the job training is that the expense involved in training can be measured already and the company can allocate budget and control for the off the job training programme. There will be a well trained instructor to provide training. The training will be conducted in a planned environment with good equipments. Another advantage is that training can be conducted in logical way after preplanning. The disadvantage of off the job training is that the trainee will find difficulty while facing actual work environment. The principles which he learned from off the job training have to apply in actual work place. The existing workers may feel uncomfortable to attend off the job training programmes. Systematic training Systematic training is the process of actual implication of training in a system. Systematic training is divided into three phases and it operates as a cycle. The three phases are : planning, implementing and reviewing. Planning The different stages of planning include: 1. Formulation of policy 2. Identifying training needs 3. Decision on priorities 4. Preparing a plan Formulation of policy: formulation of training policy should be given importance as like the other policies of the company. A training policy should include company’s attitudes to training and the place it will occupy in its activities. It should point out the budget allocated for training requirements. Should have specific responsibility for the implementation of training policies and it should be communicated to all staffs and management. Identifying training needs: training need can be identified if there is a clear standard which is followed in a company. Sometimes the departmental managers will make assessment whether the employees is performing up to the company’s standard. Job analysis and job evaluation are two methods to identify the training requirements. Decision on priorities: because of economic and practical reasons an employer will not be immediately be able to undertake all the training needs. And so the employer will have to set a priority. Managers in developing countries need to take staffs with more training on western style. Preparing training plan: a training plans may originate from two sources. One is the man power requirements and the other is the detailed analysis of training requirements. A training plan will make plan about the methods of training, who to conduct the training and the responsible person to implement the training. It also plans the costs involves in training and other financial considerations. Implementation Implementation involves three areas: attitude training, knowledge training and skills training. In hotel and catering industry attitude training plays an important role as the customers expect a pleasant and active service. Attitude training is important as some jobs can not be supervised closely, so the person carrying out the job should have a well attitude. For any kind of skill knowledge is required. Most skills are based on the foundation of knowledge. There should be knowledge about application of tools and equipments, methods and procedures, knowledge about the menus and recipes, food, hygiene, health and fire safety, cost control standards and onditions of employment. Those who are in higher post require more knowledge. Knowledge training may include the following: †¢ Talks and lectures †¢ Handbooks and instruction manual †¢ Posters and charts †¢ Video tapes or CD’s †¢ Programmed training packs Knowledge training is not expensive. The materials used for this kind of training can be re-used. With the help of relevant and realistic and in a very attractive manner the training can be made effective. Skills training are very important in a hotel and catering industry in order to maintain the accuracy, consistency and speed. It therefore helps to reduce the wastage and helps to produce the standards required. The skilled person always is able to work fast without mistakes or less mistakes. The two general types of skills are: social skills and physical skills. Physical skills Physical skills include movement of hands, the fingers, the eyes and other senses. Examples of the use of senses in carry out of skills include flavour for wine specialist, touch for pastry cooks, to gauge the consistency of dough, etc. Social skills training Social skills are being used as motivational technique and as a method to control a work group inside an organisation. Social skills are always attached to attitudes. A social skill is a trained ability to perform with apt behaviour in different situations. Methods of skills training There are four methods of skills training: Informal training: the informal method includes observation and hearing. It is not possible to plan and control in this method. It totally depends on the experienced worker, who performs correctly and he should be helpful. Training within the industry: this method is well organised and involves demonstrations and copying. The task will be broken down to different stages. This method requires mental thinking and judgement. The discovery method: this method enables the trainee to perform correctly through his own deductive process. This method requires great amount of preparation and careful monitoring. The skills analysis method: this method involves explanation of principles in different stages and also requires comprehension and active participation of trainee. The trainee should establish some sort of interest in this method. The training objective should be clear and the trainee has to be confident about what he has to perform. Supervisory training Supervisor is a part of management and has the responsibility to direct and control the work of others. A supervisor in an organisation is expected to maintain loyalty and reduce conflict. As supervisor’s job vary it is difficult for them to provide only general training. They would need specialised training. First the job of internal supervisor has to be analysed to asses the training requirements for a supervisor. The special areas include: †¢ Maintaining staff relationship by encouraging staff motivation and group performance development. Ensure disciplinary actions are being taken to correct and improve the performance of the employees. †¢ Industrial relationship in consideration with use of procedures. †¢ Health and safety A high proportion of training should be given to supervisors in order to enable them to face problems and different situations. Group work will help to identify each other and to solve the problems of each department. Supervisor plays an important role in the industry and good supervisory training would be an asset to the organisation. Development of personnel in catering industry The word personnel imply a particular activity which is conducted by a qualified person or a trained staff. There will many factors which will help the development of personnel in a catering industry. The five major factors which influence the development of staffs in hotel and catering industry are: 1. The growth or prosperity of catering industry on world wide basis. 2. The growth of the medium sized hotels. New traditional approaches were taken into consideration to manage the large work force. 3. The number of labour turn over is another factor concerning the catering industry. . Large number of unskilled or part time workers or casual workers creates more stress on the skilled labour. This could be avoided by creating a separate training squad in the company. 5. Lack of personnel practises and standards within the industry and among the management level will influence the development of staffs in catering industry. Management development Management development may be defined as process of providing organisation with capable and competent management team which is able to meet its short, medium and long term objectives. Most of the managers develop their knowledge, skills and attitude by continuous practise of managing others at work. A management development programme must have a balance between the formal training and work experience. Management development Management development is the process by which the young active talented staffs are trained to supervisory or management positions. It describes how a staff’s performance can be improved effectively and also makes them adapt to changes in the organisation. MINTZBERG studied managerial work and stated that in an organisation compared to other post managerial posts should be given foremost importance. He identified the roles of manager as: interpersonal, information and decision maker. Interpersonal Role Interpersonal roles include manager acting as a Leader and the Liaison. He will be responsible for team integration and motivation. As a Liaison, he will maintain a good relationship with the outside parties who are involved in the business and with the internal parties. Information Role Manager act as a Monitor, who analyses and collects information about the competitors, change of trends, internal and external factors. He will act as a Spokesperson who transmits information to outside parties. Decision Role As an Entrepreneur, manager will make decisions on any changes in the organisation. A manager will act as negotiator representing the organisation. Also, he will play the role of Resource allocator by scheduling, organising and programming subordinates work. Trainee management courses Trainee management course has a very important role in young manager’s career. In order to be a successful manager, a manager should posse’s knowledge and skills about other departments. Trainees must be given departmental training objectives in written form. Regular objectives should be held to check whether the trainees achieved their objectives. Methods of staff development †¢ General management training programmes which are of for a short period of time with theories and practises. It would be conducted in detached centres so that the manager doesn’t have the work pressure and will be free to actively participate in the training programme. †¢ Comprehensive programmes, such as a Diploma course. It requires an extended commitment from the company. †¢ Technical workshops for short term covering the use of new equipment. Job enlargement and Job rotation is another method of staff development. This method is cheap and is within the company’s control. †¢ Informal method including the process of consultation and senior management. In this method, improvement includes individual and specialized standards, expressive resilience, understanding, elasticity, assurance and inspired initiative. Systematic approache s to training Systems approach can be recognized as a rational connection between different stages in the course of examining training needs, designing, delivering and authenticating training. The illustrative image of a logical approach is a effective tool and as such it should be accepted that trainers will sketch up a model which is comfortable for them to utilize as members of a training division who must to observe the advancement of their training projects. Training Objective Training objective is to clearly state as likely what the apprentice are expected to be able to do at the end of their training, the circumstances under which they will exhibit their knowledge and the standards that must be reached to substantiate their level of competence. Written training objectives provide the trainer to decide the methods f training and contents of training and also it provide the trainees a clear target. Too much training is expensive and if inappropriate materials are integrated, then it will be confusing. Training objective act as the foundation for determining the success of training in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude expected of the trainees, the lowest acceptable standards of performance and the situation under which the performance is calculated. Also training objectives can be used to validate the link between the training needs and the actual training provided. It also considered as the first point of reference for any investigation or review in relation to training. Actions by the trainer Depending upon the nature of training to be conducted, the trainer may use different actions to make the training effective. Some of the actions used are: Setting up sub goal In order to lead the trainees towards the organisational goal, the trainer will sub divide the goals and provides motivation and support for the employees. This will help the trainer to monitor the progress of trainee’s achievement. Directing attention While conducting the training the trainer has to ensure that the trainee’s concentration is fully on training programme. They may do this through verbal, pictorial or any other means. The trainer should be aware of the different ways in which ‘to give selective emphasis to stimulus presentations for learning’ (Gagne, 1977). Humor Implementing humour in an effective way will help to stimulate and maintain the trainee’s attention towards training. Use of humour will keep away stress and will provide a relaxed situation. It will improve the communication between the trainer and the trainees. Humour may make the training session more enjoyable and will be a kind of motivation to the trainees. Pictures and demonstrations. Pictures or demonstrations will help the trainees to identify the methods or actions to be followed. It also will help to develop manual skills. Verbal instructions Language is a meditational process which can be used in training to provide information, ideas which could fit into the learning context. Also it could provide explanation about context, rules, principle and theories for acquiring basic intellectual, social and manual skills. Conclusion There are lots of benefits for the employees and the company through an effective and well planned training. With the job effective job training, individual may feel great job satisfaction. And the benefits of training towards the organisation include improved employee work performance and productivity, less wastage, less absenteeism, fewer accidents, and low labour turn over and greater customer satisfaction. Training will also have an indirect impact on the culture of the organisation. How to cite Importance of Training in Catering Industry, Essays

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Ikea Product and Service Value Strategies free essay sample

As the world’s largest furniture retailer, IKEA is known for its product’s value, in terms of quality, style, affordability, functionality and durability. Their appliances and furniture is designed base on modern architecture and associated with eco-friendly interior design. Moreover, the company is known for its affordable products with highest quality and products with many functions inside. Therefore, its business idea is To offer a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. Today IKEA’s product range consists of 9,500 home furnishing articles, designed to be functional and good looking but at a low price. Each item is developed by IKEA of Sweden, which is also responsible for giving each product its unique name, such as BILLY and KLIPPAN. The company designs its own furniture, which is made by about 1,220 suppliers in more than 55 countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Ikea Product and Service Value Strategies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page IKEA has 31 trading service offices in 26 countries so production can be monitored, new ideas tested, prices negotiated and quality checked while an eye is kept on social and working conditions (Staff 2012). . 2 Best service value strategies: IKEA’s business philosophy and how business is done at a very successful organization is best described through the 4 strategies of an IKEA Store. They give even greater insight to why customer service is so good at these stores. 1. To show home furnishings solutions full of home furnishing ideas by providing measuring tapes, catalogs, pens and notepaper. 2. To serve as a well-qualified home furnishing specialist so there will be more chance that customers will buy IKEA’s products. 3. To provide a day out for the whole family. Giving this, the most informal interaction is good for creating friendly attitude and it will keep customers coming back for IKEA. 4. To provide an after-sales service. IKEA should provide an online database of FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) and contact details as samples of its commitment to after-sales service. As an added value and as a way to attract customers, IKEA offers superior customer service. IKEA meets customers with catalogs, tape measures, pens, and notepaper. The shortage of salespeople affords customers the opportunity to shop in freedom and to take notes. IKEA also offers services to parents while they shop such as the supervision of toddlers, infant-changing rooms, and attendants who warm baby bottles. Snack bars sell Swedish specialties at low prices. The strength of IKEA is its ability to shift a variety of cost burdens to the customer that might be found desirable or perceived as an added value. (Ivythesis, 2010) More advices mean that customers are more certain before buying furniture in any IKEA Store. IKEA outlet’s staffed sales should indicates their best attitudes and respects towards customers.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Leila Khaled Freedom Fighter or Terrorist

Introduction It is usually easy to regard any forceful and violent behaviour as an act of terrorism rather than a cause of justice, this is normally true when extreme actions are used to voice plights of a community. A case of a Palestinian woman named Leila Khaled is analysed.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Leila Khaled: Freedom Fighter or Terrorist? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay elaborates her intentions with the support of academic sources and her movie in order to demonstrate her cause of action as a freedom fighter for her country and not a terrorist as perceived. Khaled extreme actions were inspired by suffering Palestinians in their tents. This essay therefore analyses Khaled cause as a freedom fighter and not a terrorist. Leila Khaled a freedom fighter Leila Khaled has strong basis to support her claims as a freedom fighter rather than a terrorist despite her extreme actions. In 1969, Khaled and another male companion decided to hijack a TWA plane from Los Angeles in route via Tel Aviv. Their intention was not to harm the passengers but rather voice their grievances. According to Eager (2008, p.186) Khaled clearly states that her intentions of hijacking planes was driven by her urge to attract international attention which had not been addressed as thousands of Palestinians languished in tents. From her intentions, it would be wrong to dismiss her actions as a mere act of terrorist. It should however be considered cause to liberate Palestinians. If indeed her intent was to inflict pain on innocent people, she could have blown up the plane with the passengers onboard as terrorists did in the U.S. during the September 11 incident. As Khaled sat while hijacking the TWA plane she saw young children sited in the palms of their parents. She was concerned about the consequences that her actions could cause in case the plan backfired and the plane exploded as a res ult of the explosives that her male companion had. While she was still meditating on her thought, she recalled what thousands of other Palestinians children underwent while in camps. She was then convinced to let the world acknowledge their grievances through any means that she could master. In the end, Khaled succeeded by landing the plane and allowing the passengers to leave before blowing up the plane. This incident attracted the attention of the international community and thus making her a strong female figure among the Palestinians and other women worldwide. She consequently became a sex icon not only for her cause but for other revolutionaries that were making their concerns known worldwide.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In her video, she struggles to put forward the message of her revolutionary intentions rather than terrorism by clearly distancing hersel f from terrorism. As noted by Buxton and Provenzo (2010, p. 66) Leila Khaled was the first female activist who used extreme tactics to get the world’s attention on the plight of the Palestinians. Despite her actions and other several attempts to hijack planes that eventually led to her arrest and later released as a result of hostage exchange, Khaled altered the world’s image women. Although her actions tainted her image and Palestinians image during that period, her actions had indeed spoken to the world about the plight of Palestinians during their conflict with the Jews in early 1960’s. Based on these fundamental facts, the actions of Khaled have not in any way created a bad image to the Palestinians but rather ensured that their cries were heard by the international community (Martin, 2009, p. 70). As stated by Eager (2008, p.186) Khaled also explains her intentions in her book titled My People Shall Live. This book seeks to clear the air on her intentions i n the cause of her revolution. On the contrary Martin, (2009, p. 70) believes that Leila Khaled is a violent extremist as a result of her actions; she is considered a political activist with extreme and terrorist behaviors. More so, she seems to have created a foundation for other freedom figher who have committed terrorist acts by blowing themselves in order to die with passengers. Khaled has however genuinely distanced herself from such individuals and such actions. It can thus be genuinely considered that her cause was the motivation behind her extreme actions and not terrorism intentions. Conclusion As evident from the above analysis, it is clear that Khaled is not a terrorist but rather a freedom fighter despite using extreme tactics to get the attention of the international community. Her actions were a result of the international community failing to hear Palestinians cries from their tents. More so, the Palestinians image has not been damaged as a result of Khaled actions, h er actions achieved her goal of getting the world’s attention to the plights of many Palestinians. Without her extreme actions, the world could not have recognised the sufferings of Palestinians. References Buxton, C. A., Provenzo, E. F. (2010). Teaching Science in Elementary and Middle School: A Cognitive and Cultural Approach. Washington, DC: SAGE. PP. 66-70.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Leila Khaled: Freedom Fighter or Terrorist? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Eager, P.W. (2008). From freedom fighters to terrorists: Women and political violence. New York, NY: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. PP. 186-190. Martin, G. (2009). Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE. PP. 70-75. This critical writing on Leila Khaled: Freedom Fighter or Terrorist? was written and submitted by user Ayleen B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Week 4 Case Study Example

Week 4 Case Study Example Week 4 Case Study – Article Example CASE STUDY Responsibilities of auditors in case of fraud Auditors are man d with the responsibility of verifying the books of account and provide their independent as to whether they give a true reflection of financial reports of an organization. In order to operate smoothly, they usually raise matters involving managing an organization. They often assess the measures that have been put in place by the organization to control the internal systems of the body. In addition, they often scrutinize the financial reports to spot errors and omissions that have been committed while preparing the financial reports. They also evaluate inventory management systems that are being used within the organization. In case the existing inventory management is inefficient, they usually recommend the best inventory systems that can be which promote efficiency in the management of inventory. Inefficient inventory management systems often increase the lead-time when an order is hence may cause breakdown i n the production processes. It is prudent for auditors to report fraudulent transactions to the top management immediately they unearth suspicious transactions (Krishnan & Visvanathan, 2007).Independence in corporate governance The independence of corporate governance is imperative for a number of reasons. Auditors are supposed to carry out their duties independently without portraying any form of favoritism and biases. Both internal and external auditors should exercise Independency. In the case of Adelphia, Deloitte & Touche, which is reputable audit firm, failed to demonstrate that it is an independent body by colluding to defraud the company. Auditors are usually faced with the challenge of being bribed so that they can doctor the books of account. An independent corporate means that audit firms can be able to demonstrate the highest level of integrity by giving honest reports without being coerced. Auditors are supposed to safeguard the interest of shareholders rather than bein g partisan (ACCA, 2011).ReferencesACCA, (2011).Independence as a concept in corporate governance. Krishnan, G. V., & Visvanathan, G. (2007). Reporting Internal Control Deficiencies in the Post†Sarbanes†Oxley Era: The Role of Auditors and Corporate Governance. International Journal of Auditing, 11(2), 73-90.

Friday, November 22, 2019

Discussion Of The Impacts Of Introduction Of Tennis Racket On Coaching Essay

Discussion Of The Impacts Of Introduction Of Tennis Racket On Coaching - Essay Example With most sports, coaches of tennis are reluctant about the standard of applying the information to bring out the real nature of excellence in playing tennis. The scoreboard does not always tell how well someone really played, rather it shows how the player who had the better day. With no application of the modern technology performance scores such as the first-serve percentage, approaches of the net can only be determined accurately through a win or a loss. Coaches often chart matches and practices for their trainees, to clear this out. But with most of those training do not have a coach watching every move they make and checking on their progress. Introduce the Babolat pure play drive. In conclusion, we can say that one of the most challenging and rewarding parts of coaching is being able to coordinate with the players during their growth from childhood up to adulthood. The coach needs to understand their players’ emotions, reactions, and their progress in mental growth. A coach who coordinate well with the players through understanding the changes that come along physically, emotionally, and mentally stands in a better position to effectively communicate with the players with no barriers or challenges and in a case of any problem along the way they will be able to handle it perfectly. Technology is a crucial doctrine in sports since the introduction of modern technology has seen different sports make big and commendable progress. However, our focus was on the tennis game and the impacts of these modern technology introductions.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Discussion Questions Week 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion Questions Week 3 - Essay Example ANOVA (analysis of variance) is used to test the differences between more than two groups. The difference between ANOVA and sample statistical testing is that it compares more than just one or two variables. The importance of hypothesis testing when conducting research is that it asks a hypothetical question as well as answers it. Without hypothesis testing, the hypothesis would be pointless because there were no attempts to prove or disprove it. Also, the point of coming up with a hypothesis is to test it, so that it can either be proven or disproven; in the case that it is proven, it can become a scientific theory. There are very few cases when hypothesis testing is not used, and those cases are usually when the answer is quite obvious and it would be a waste of time and money to test on it. When someone comes up with a magnificent theory, the only thing they really can do is test it to see if it is plausible. Hypothesis testing is a critical part of conducting research as it aids in one, doing the proper research to avoid messing up entirely and two, the come upon the wanted result (or in some cases, the unexpected

Monday, November 18, 2019

Understand the implications of finance as a resource within a business Assignment

Understand the implications of finance as a resource within a business - Assignment Example The estimation of cash requirements of a company and the various decisions related to the ways of generating cash is also sometimes referred to as the financial plan. Financial planning is thus important and helpful in determining the ways through which the companies can generate cash to make the various investment decisions possible for them. Cash budgeting, which is a part of financial planning, helps assess the ways in which available cash should be utilized y the company to achieve its financial objectives. Failure to arrange for adequate finance could lead to problems for the company, and it will not be able to carry on its business activities because of limited funds required for the purpose of implementing its various investment objectives. All these facts suggest that financial plan is critical to any business organization for its future growth and sustainability. Financial information of a company is generally presented through the financial statements prepared by its accountants. The users of financial information of an organisation can either be its external users or the internal users. The internal users or the users within the organisation are mainly the management accountants of the company, who use the financial information present in the financial statements of the company to make various business decisions (Sinha, 2009, p. 21). The managers of the company are also the internal users who are engaged in the activities related to planning and controlling the daily business operations of the organisation (Nikolai, Bazley and Jones, 2009, p. 7). The financial information is utilised by them to make decisions regarding internal operations to be conducted within the organisation. For example, the managers decide on the purchase of new equipment based on the financial information provided to them by the management accountants through the fin ancial

Saturday, November 16, 2019

Management Across Cultures

Management Across Cultures This report gives an insight on the topic Managing Across Cultures, and also on the following issues, it tackles the meaning of Culture, its importance and relevance, It also looks at how people from different cultures come together to share the same work values, The importance of culture in work environments and what are the various management procedures to be adopted when dealing with people from across cultures.Culture, simply put can be seen as the way of life of certain people and Managing across cultures can be seen as a way of bringing people from different cultures together using quality management, and in order do that, culture is a very important tool.Three approaches have been adopted in quality management research by Form, 1979, which is known as the Convergence approach, Child and Kieser 1979, Divergence approach and Hofstede 1980, Culture specific. All these approaches shall also be looked into and see how it relates to culture. Procedure/ methodology For this report, six links were provided by Mr. Peter Godwin and on careful evaluation on all the links, two seem most appropriate for the report and they are: 1. Quality management: a cross cultural perspective by Alessandra Vecchi and Louis Brennan. School of business, Trinity college, Dublin, Ireland. 2. Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: social behavior and applications by By John W. Berry, Ype H. Poortinga, Marshall H. Segall, Janak Pandey, ÇiÄÅ ¸dem Kà ¢Ãƒâ€žÃ… ¸ità §ibaÃ…Å ¸i Findings The term culture has been found to mean different things to different people, for some, it is dynamic and passed down from generations to generations, it has also been described as the Eye of the world. Cultures differ all around the world and for this people view it differently just as they view work values. Work values can been seen as ones performance worth, the way culture affects these values is very important if we intend to work and coexist together. Two very important standards have been set aside on how work is viewed: The entitlement standard, which states that people who work should be rewarded in return while the other one, the obligation standard is of the opinion that everyones obligation concerning work is to the society. All these can be viewed as difference of opinions on how work values are measured. International Research Team (1987) Cross cultural psychology. Handbook pg 373. Some countries debase work, for instance India, they tend to give priority to family values rather than work values. J. B. P Sinha, (1994) Cross cultural psychology. Handbook pg 373. Culture can never be over emphasized in work environments as the way people work is like their very way of life. In managing across countries, Quality managements theories have been developed to note how different managers deal with managerial polices within different cultures. Three main theories have been used to espouse quality management research and they are the Convergence, Form 1979, the Divergence, Child and Kieser 1979 and Culture specific, Hofstede 1980. Quality management. An international journal 16(2), 149. According to Form, Better management practices from managers coming from different cultures can be traced to effective learning, Form (1979) Quality management. International Journal pg 149, that is to say, once different people from different cultures are brought together to learn, they actually stand a better chance at being better managers, because they are all exposed to the same managerial practices in the long run, not at all minding where they are from, so learning helps to bridge culture barriers. The Divergence theory on the other hand is of the notion that in order to reduce performance, organizational practices must be adapted to the national context. Top managerial support turned to be a significant factor affecting quality practices. They must account for regional differences like Human resource development, customer focus and satisfaction. Child and Kieser, (1979) Quality management. An international journal pg 162. In the culture specific theory, it was viewed that if managers from different societies were faced with change, there will still be some cultural factors, like the way they think or behave that will cause them to react to change. Hofstede (1980) Quality management. An international journal pg 151. All these theories on quality management have been seen to affect culture in the sense that it shows how managers can transfer quality management practices between countries that differ in cultures and backgrounds, putting into consideration, the cultures that are most approbate to change and those that are not, thereby adopting the following management procedures or techniques in dealing with people from across cultures; Participative procedures Team work arrangement Reward schemes; thereby promoting job satisfaction among people. In the same wise, all these managerial procedures can be detrimental if not carefully looked into for not all countries view participative management in the same way, some might actually see it as a sign of weakness on the part of the managers, also in team work arrangement, not all cultures believe in team work, some believe that working alone enhances performance. An experiment was conducted by Earley (1993) cited in Cross cultural psychology pg 388, which involved using the Chinese, Israeli and Americans as subjects, During the experiment it was observed that the Israeli and Chinese teams worked together to work collectively while the Americans worked on their own individually, these shows another manner in which various cultures react to team work. And finally, the reward scheme, it was found out that the way managers from different countries view reward is totally different, for example, the Japanese managers tend to reward team work as against the Americans who believed that in dividual work is best and reward is based on individual effort. Suzuki and Kondo(1986) cited in cross cultural psychology handbook pg 389. In summary, Cultures importance in work related issues and how these can be managed can not be overemphasized because different people work in the way that they perceive is best and that why it is important to introduce quality management techniques in order to foster better management procedures being carried out in order to bridge any gaps in cultural barriers. Conclusion In managing across cultures, managers must put into consideration that they are dealing with different people from diverse cultures and backgrounds and before adopting any form of managerial procedures which involves, Participative management, team work arrangement and reward schemes, their cultural views and values taking into consideration , Forms theory of Convergence, Child and Kiesers theory of Divergence and Hofstedes theory of Culture specific, before knowing how well they would fit into any work environment either to work individually or as a team.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Comparison of Into Battle and Spring Offensive. Essay -- English Liter

Comparison of Into Battle and Spring Offensive. Spring Offensive and Into Battle In the comparison of Into Battle and Spring Offensive, it can be said that they are two opposing poems. Although both of their themes are about war, Spring Offensive is a bleak poem compared to Into Battle. One talks about the adversarial ways of the war whereas the other talks about the beautifulness of its. Both poets use 'nature' as a main object in order to describe war. In the poem of Into Battle the poet uses nature as warmth, something colorful and lively e.g. "The naked earth is warm with spring" but on the contrary to this, the poet in the Spring Offensive talks about the dark, cold, and sad sight of it e.g. "Halted against the shade of a last hill". In addition to this, the structures of the poems reflect the poets' moods. Spring Offensive's broken rhythm resembles grief of a soldier and Into Battle's half rhymes make the poem sound like a song. Into Battle seems to encourage people using both patriotism and propaganda of fighting together. Whereas, Spring Offensive is trying to protect the soldiers from war and make them realize how nonsense it is. The people (that seem to be) living in these poems have exactly opposite thoughts and mood. The soldiers that Spring Offensive talks about are worried, despondent and blank, while the ones in Into Battle are singing, as if they are going to a picnic, behaving like the enemies are the ants which are trying to steal their food. Both of them include death, but in Into Battle, death is emphasized as if it is an honor to die. The poet in the Into Battle talks about life in a pleasant manner. He sees life something colorful and worthwhile to live. On the contrary, ... ...ar is) in every stanza. Both of them set the scene before getting into the main theme. For example, in the first lines Wilfred Owen explained the location of war before actually setting the main theme, while Julian Grenfell by using the environment explained the optimistic side of war. I prefer Spring Offensive as it is more attractive than Into Battle because, it talks about the reality rather than the thoughts of an insane man who loves killing people. In addition, Spring Offensive is more convincing than Into Battle in a sense that it encourages people not to go and fight in war, with a strong emphasis by the use of language e.g. "and instantly the whole sky burned". Both of the poems are good examples of war poems. However, personally I enjoyed reading and analyzing Spring Offensive as it talks about the reality of being a soldier and life at war.

Monday, November 11, 2019

E-Banking: Trend, Status, Challenges and Policy Issues

E-banking: Status, Trends, Challenges and Policy Implications 1. Introduction In addition to introduction (section I) and conclusion (section VI), the paper includes four sections. Section II addresses the definition and current situation of e-banking. Then, section III addresses the impact of e-banking on banking business. After that, section IV addresses the major application of e-banking. That is also the bottom line whether e-banking can be viable in a country. Section V addresses the new challenges e-banking has brought and policy implications from the perspectives of society, banks, and regulatory authority as well as government. . Status 2. 1. Definition †¢ The Internet includes all related web-enabling technologies and open telecommunication networks ranging from direct dial- up, the public World Wide Web, cable, and virtual private networks. (BIS-EBG, 2003) †¢ Internet banking (e-banking) is defined to include the provision of retail and small value banking product s and services through electronic channels as well as large value electronic payments and other wholesale banking services delivered electronically. (BIS-EBG, 2003) 1 2. 2. Fundamental characteristicsComparison between the current round financial innovation (e-banking) and past financial innovations The current innovation (ebanking) Content Delivery channel innovation-deliver banking business via internet. Impact Wider Past financial innovations Products and services, i. e. , delivery, swap Narrow 2. 3. Levels/Scope of e-banking business †¢ †¢ Basic information e-banking/web sites that just disseminate information on banking products and services offered to bank customers and the general public; Simple transactional e-banking /web sites that allow bank customers o submit applications for different services, make queries on their account balances, and submit instructions to the bank, but do no permit any account transfers; †¢ Advanced transactional e-banking/web sites that allow bank customers to electronically transfer funds to/from their accounts pay bills, and conduct other banking transaction online. †¢ Usually, e-banking refers to types II and III. 2. 4. Current development situations (in industrial countries) †¢ E-banking products and services are getting more and more advanced and increasing in variety.From providing information at the early stage to providing transactional activities. 2 †¢ †¢ Both volume and share in the total banking business are getting bigger and bigger very fast (Graph, Europe) E-banking customer base is getting bigger quickly. 2. 5. Status in developing countries Developing countries are in catching up in e-banking: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The average e-banking penetration for developing countries by the end of 1999 was close to 5% (World Bank Survey, 2001). In Brazil, the number of e-banking users reached 8 million in 2000. In Mexico, the number of e-banking users reached 1. 5 million in 2000. In India, over 50 banks are offering online banking services. ICICI Bank’s e-banking is very impressing. E-banking in Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan (China) is thriving. In Ghana and some other African countries, smart cards based on Visa Horizon proximately technologies are getting started. 3. Prospects–Impact of E-banking on traditional banking 3. 1. The early conventional wisdom: †¢ †¢ Internet banking would destroy the traditional banking business model and promote the entry of newcomers from the outside of the banking industry.Developing countries could have the â€Å"opportunities to leapfrog† in the adoption of efinance on a large scale. 3. 2. In reality, e-banking develops fast, but not damaging as conventional wisdom projected. †¢ The notion of leapfrog has not worked in many developing countries due to various impediments. This can be verified by UNCTAD report. â€Å"Some positive si gns are 3 already visible, including a high level of acceptance of technology by customers and financial institutions†¦. H(h)owever, most projects have not yet been deployed on a large scale. † (UNCTAD 2002. It provides a comprehensive look at the status of efinance in developing countries.It covers arrange of areas related to e- finance including e-banking, e-payments, e-trades, and e-credit information). †¢ †¢ Even in industrial countries, e-banking is still a complementary tools to traditional banking. Lots of pure e-banking businesses have been forced out of market. Internet-only banks have been substantially less profitable. They generate lower business volumes and any savings generated by lower physical overheads appear to be offset by other types of non-interest expenditures, notably marketing to attract new customers. (De Young 2001). 3. 3.Prevailing vision †¢ The prevailing view today is that Internet banking can only succeed if it is thoroughly in tegrated within the existing banking infrastructure, which should combine â€Å"click† (e-banking) with â€Å"mortar† (physical branches) due to the importance of public trust in banks, the value of an established brand name, and the desire of customers to do something physically. †¢ According to this view, Internet is regarded simply as another distribution channel as a complement to physical braches, phone banking and ATM networks. The dominance of the so-called â€Å"click and mortar† model can be explained by its success on the ground.Two good examples are Wells Fargo in the US and Nordea in Scandinavia. 3. 4. Case-study–experience from the two most successful cases Two most successful examples: †¢ †¢ Wells Fargo (US), has actually the highest absolute number of online customers, more than 3 million out of its total 24 million customers in 2001. Nordea (Scandinavia), has 2. 3 million online customers, representing over 20% of its total customer base. It has the highest share of online customers. 4 They share the following common elements: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Both are leaders in their traditional markets and thus can capitalize on a sizable customer base.Furthermore, their customer base is technologically sophisticated. California and Scandinavia have extremely high rates of Internet use. Both are technologically advanced and started early in Internet deployment. Wells Fargo started e-banking business as early as in 1989. Both have tightly integrated Internet in their operations and their existing infrastructure. Both have large number of SME customer base. 3. 5. Prospects Bottom line: the ability to mainstream SME and individuals into E-banking. 4. Trend: The major application of e-banking—SME finance E-banking is used more and more for improving access to finance.Financial constraints for SMEs have never been effectively solved and have been thought inevitable. This section will cover t he advantages of e-banking on this aspect. 4. 1. Obstacles to SME’s access to finance 4. 1. 1. from banks’ perspective †¢ †¢ †¢ High costs and low profitability of SME loans because of the small loan size. High risks of SME loans due to lack of business track record, credit history, and transparent information. Evaluating SME risk is â€Å"too labor- intensive† to be profitable. 5 †¢ Many banks lack strategies and skills to tackle impediments associated with SME finance.In many developing countries, the staff of banks lack necessary skills to appropriately assess credit risks of SMEs 4. 1. 2. from SME’s perspective †¢ Inappropriate products and services, which are rigidly supply-driven instead of demand-driven. Commercial bank products are usually designed to meet the needs of large corporations; few products and service are specifically tailored to the needs of SMEs. SME sector is usually underserved. †¢ †¢ †¢ High interest rates. SMEs usually require much smaller loans than large enterprises. banks, therefore, usually charge high margins to cover the costs. Cumbersome procedures.Over insistence on collaterals and guarantees. SMEs usually have low- level of fixed assets and relatively high- level of working capital. Therefore, when lending to an SME, a bank needs to assess the SME’s economic viability and future cash flows instead of collaterals. However, in many developing countries, banks are still in the very early stage of mastering sound lending policies and good credit practices. Their lending appears to simply rely on collateral rather than cash- flow projections. banks’ lack of capacity of non-collateral credit assessment has caused them unable to provide lending services to SMEs. Inflexible credit criteria—one size fits all. 4. 2. New Technology, New Hope for SME Finance 4. 2. 1. From bank’s side, new technology (e-banking) makes SME finance economically p ossible (i) lower operational costs of banks †¢ †¢ †¢ Automated process Accelerated credit decisions Lowered minimum loan size to be profitable (ii) potentially lower margins 6 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Lower cost of entry Expanded financing reach Increased transparency (iii) expand reach through self-service Lower transaction cost Make some corporate services economically feasible for SMEs Make anytime access to accounts and loan information possible . 2. 2. From SMEs’ perspective E-banking business makes access to finance from banks attractive. SMEs have benefited from the development of E- finance and gradually stepped out of the informal sector. In particular, E- finance offers the following attractive benefits for SMEs: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Ease of use Lower costs of financing Convenience Time savings Operational efficiency 4. 2. 3. From the government’s perspective New technologies have provided the incentiv es/benefits for the government to improve SME finance by †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Increasing employment. Contributing to poverty reduction. Contributing to economic development.Reducing the informal sector and cash economy1 . 1 Lack of SME’s access to FIs is one of the major reasons why there are usually big informal economic sector (cash economy) in many developing countries. Improved SME access to formal financial institutions is expected to reduce the informal economic sector. 7 5. Challenges and policy implications 5. 1. Cross-border e-banking activities and its policy implications 5. 1. 1. definition †¢ Definition: Cross-border e-banking is defined as the provision of transactional on- line banking products or service by a bank in one country to residents of another country. BIS, 2003) †¢ †¢ A note on the definition: A bank delivering its e-banking activities via its physical branches/ subsidiaries in a host country does count into cross-border e-ba nking. A further note: banks can use the new delivery channel (e-banking) reach customers in another country without as much reliance on physical presence and the significant investment that it entails (example). 5. 1. 2. Two scenarios †¢ †¢ The in-out scenario—In-country institutions providing banking services to customers outside the home country.The out- in scenario—institutions based outside the home country providing banking services to parties within the home country. 5. 1. 3. Raised many challenges and questions for banking regulatory authorities (both home and host) †¢ Who should take the supervision responsibility? Borderless nature of e-banking increase the potential for jurisdictional ambiguities with respect to the supervisory responsibilities of different national authorities. Such situations could lead to insufficient supervision of cross-border e-banking activities. †¢ †¢ Does it need to be licensed?Banks that engage in cross-bor der e-banking may face increased legal risk. Specifically, unless banks conduct adequate due diligence they run the risk of potential non-compliance with different national laws and regulations, including 8 applicable consumer protection laws, record-keeping and reporting requirements, privacy rules, AML rules. †¢ Non-banks may offer with greater facility bank- like services without any type of supervisory approval or oversight due to definitional ambiguities that may exist wit regard to what constitutes a bank (or banking services). †¢ †¢ †¢ Which country’s law applies to cross-border e-banking activities.Role and responsibilities of the home country banking supervisor and local supervisor. Supervisors need to recognize that the Internet allows for the provision of e-banking services that can span geographic borders and potentially call into question existing jurisdictional authorization requirements and the regulatory processes; †¢ Supervisors need to recognize the implications of taking a restrictive approach toward currently regulated banks without an even-handed treatment of foreign organizations that may conduct identical or nearly identical activities via the Internet in the local jurisdiction. Supervisors should ensure that banks appropriately manage the legal uncertainty during the period while the legal infrastructure for cross-border e-banking remains under construction. 5. 1. 4. Its policy implications †¢ Policy goal: The objective of both the host and home supervisors should be to avoid or minimize legal risks stemming from jurisdictional ambiguities, and to ensure that e-banking activities are adequately supervised with clearly defined supervisory responsibilities. †¢Basic principle: Focus attention on the need for effective home country supervision of cross-border e-banking activities on a consolidated basis as well as continued international cooperation between home and local banking supervisors regardi ng such activities given the possible absence of a physical banking presence in local jurisdiction. Such as focus is essential to promote safe and sound cross-border e- 9 banking without creating undue regulatory burden or impediments to banks’ use of the internet delivery channel to meet customer needs. Complementary principle : Home supervisors should provide host supervisors with clear information on how they oversee a bank’s e-banking activities on a consolidated level. Host supervisor would generally rely on the home supervisor to effectively carry out its supervisory program. Where there are concerns about the effectiveness of a home supervisor’s oversight program, the host would approach the home supervisor on a bilateral basis. The host supervisor will need to consider what actions may be appropriate to protect local residents and their banking system. Cooperation among national supervisors . Rapid pace of development of e-banking and the associated risk s will require supervisory agility, resources and, in the crossborder context, cooperation between home and host supervisors. 5. 2. From the society’s perspective 5. 2. 1. Challenges 1. Theft of personal identity 2. Privacy issues 3. Who take the responsibility in case of fraud 5. 2. 2. Policy implications 1. Essential are efforts to define the privacy framework and to use technology to solve contract enforcement problems. . 3. From bank’s perspectives 5. 3. 1. Risk management challenges †¢ Adaptation to Technology issues: The speed of change relating to technological and customer service innovation in e-banking is unprecedented. This intensifies challenges to the management to ensure that adequate strategic assessment, risk 10 analysis and securities reviews are conducted prior to implementing new e-banking applications. †¢ Outsourcing issue: E-banking increase banks’ ependence on information technology, thereby increasing the technical complexity of many operational and security issues and furthering a trend towards more partnerships, alliances and outsourcing arrangements with third parties, many of whom are unregulated. †¢ †¢ Increased legal and reputational risks E-security issue: The internet is ubiquitous and global by nature. It is an open network accessible from anywhere in the world by unknown parties, with routing of messages through unknown locations and via fast evolving wireless devices.Therefore, it raises significant challenges on security controls, customer authentication techniques, data protection, audit trail procedures, and customer privacy standards.  § While companies have been keen to embrace the potential offered by these technologies, few understand the inherent vulnerability and risks associated with e- finance. Since 1999, Brazil has seen a 418% increase in electronic security incidents; Korea has seen a 932% increase and Japan has seen over 1000% increase in malicious electronic security i ncidents (Tom Glaessner et al, 2003).  § Over 57% of all hack attacks in 2002 were initiated against the financial sector (Tom Glaessner et al, 2003). Identity Theft has exploded and incidents are expected to reach almost 2 million per year by 2005 wit a cost of almost US$10 billion. †¢ Outsourcing issue: E-banking increase banks’ dependence on information technology, thereby increasing the technical complexity of many operational and security issues and furthering a trend towards more partnerships, alliances and outsourcing arrangements with third parties, many of whom are unregulated. †¢ Increased legal and reputational risks 11 5. 3. 2. Policy implications/recommendations . Establish a comprehensive security control process. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Authentication of e-banking customers Appropriate measures to ensure segregation of duties Establishment of clear audit trails for e-banking transactions Non-repudiation and accountability for e-banking trans actions 2. Centralized-back office to free staff time in sales and services areas and to consolidate process consistently across the organization. 3. Develop automated credit authorization system by developing appropriate credit scoring system and cash- flow scoring system to reduce operating costs, improve asset quality, and increase client profitability.One of the major benefits of credit scoring system is that lenders can make credit decisions without necessarily obtaining financial statement, credit reports, or other time-consuming and hard-to-get information. In particular, the financial statements of SMEs are often not complete and difficult to get. Banks can more closely align their specific credit policies and marketing strategies with the analytics, making the decision process more costefficient. (I. e. , Fair, Isaac has developed a credit scoring system specialized in SME finance—SBSS 5. (small business scoring services), which has been increasingly used by many ban ks as their SME credit decision making model. ) 4. Comprehensive due diligence and management oversight process for outsourcing relationships and other third-party dependencies. 5. Integrate cross-border e-banking risks into the bank’s overall risk management framework. 6. Legal and reputational risk management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Appropriate disclosures for e-banking services Privacy of customer information Capacity, business continuity and contingency planning to ensure availability of e-banking systems and services Incident response planning.Segregation of duties 12 †¢ Due diligence on risk assessment 5. 4. From the authorities’ perspective (banking supervisor, central bank, related government depts. ) 5. 4. 1. Challenges from e-banking 1. Oversight of outsourcing and partnership arrangements, and the oversight of security and data integrity and controls and safeguards, especially when the supporting operations are located in another jurisdi ction . 2.The ability to adopt global technology to the local requirements: A adequate level of infrastructure and human capacity building are required before developing countries can adopt the global technology for their local requirements. 3. The ability to create the necessary level of regulatory and institutional frameworks: The lack of regulatory frameworks, trust, security and privacy standards, high trade barriers, customer and investor protections impede progress in many developing countries to implement e- finance projects. 4. E-security challenges 5. 4. 2.Policy implications/recommendations 1. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Improve system infrastructure environment for e-banking business Strengthen payment system (including RTGS, bulk/low value payment system). Improve the settlement system (e. g. , for credit cards and other forms of electronic transactions). Build-up transaction reporting/reconciliation services. Establish credit information registry and disseminating s ystem. Credit information registries, commonly known as credit bureaus in many countries, can reduce the extent of asymmetric information by making a borrower’s credit history available to 3 potential lenders. Lenders armed with this data can avoid making loans to high risk customers, with poor repayment histories, defaults, or bankruptcies. Once a lender makes a loan, the borrower knows that their performance will be reported to the credit bureau. The information contained in a credit registry becomes part of the borrower’s â€Å"reputation collateral†; late payments or defaults reduce the value of this â€Å"collateral† providing an additional incentive for timely repayment. At the same time, by reducing the information monopoly that banks have over their existing borrowers,

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Offshore structures Essay

A well structure situated at the sea, some distance from the shore is known as an offshore well. This well is normally drilled at the seabed using specially designed drilling equipments and different drilling techniques are used. What are deviated wells, doglegs? A deviated well is a horizontal well drilled at an angle usually greater than 80 degrees to the vertical. It involves drilling horizontal and slant-hole wells which enhance better intersection of vertical structures in tight formations. Deviated well is essential since it prevents the fracture of vertical lines, which enhance the permeability of natural gas much higher than the unfractured rock. They increase production rate and minimize cost of ecological damage. Deviated wells can be grouped as unintentionally deviated and intentionally deviated. Unintentionally deviated implies that the well lies on a vertical or near a vertical plane. A dogleg is a sharp deviation or bend in a well’s direction or inclination. They are characterized by being abrupt, decreasing or increasing, excessive long and permissible. It can also referred to as an elbow . . Include a section on offshore well structure /design explaining how it is designed Offshore well structures are designed to bear up all foreseeable conditions which may be weather related as well as environmental loading factors such as earthquake induced loads. Accidental loads such as collisions, fires and explosions are also considered when designing a well structure . In designing this, a floating offshore structure which is polygon shaped and used for drilling or production purpose is used. It contains apertures on its sides meant for reducing the movement of the structure as a result of undersea currents. The structure further consists of a production platform extending above the water surface, and a series of buoyancy tanks which provide the structure with the ability to float. Apertures, surrounded by coamings, is located on each side of the structure to allow ocean currents to flow laterally through the center of the structure. It also makes it possible and easy for oil and gas can dissipate from the center of the structure if a rupture occurs. A fluid retention tank and ballast in the structure lowers the center of gravity of the structure and make it more stable, and a centerwell running through the longitudinal center of the structure allows one or more risers to run from the ocean floor to the operating platform. The structure can then be moored to the sea floor through the use of a catenary mooring system. . Bibliography Chow F I (Houston, TX), Freedman G W (Kingwood, TX), Kemper J H (The Woodlands, TX), Devlin P V (Pearland, TX), Polygon floating offshore structure, 1999, retrieved 23 August 2008, Graff W, J, Introduction to offshore structures: Design, Fabrication, Installation. Gulf publication company, 1981, ISBN 0872016943 Lyons W,C , Standard Handbook on Petroleum Gas Engineering. Gulf Professional publishing, 2005, ISBN 0750677856 Wilson H,W, Applied Science and Technology Index. H. W Wilson Co. publishers, 2006